Comparative Analysis of Self-Consumption and Energy Communities: A Transborder Study of Portugal and Spain

Abstract

The energy transition in the European Union (EU) has prioritized self-consumption and energy communities (ECs) to foster decarbonization and energy democratization. This study provides a comparative analysis of the regulatory frameworks, implementation progress, and socio-economic impacts in Portugal and Spain. Both nations have transposed EU Directive 2018/2001, yet they demonstrate distinct approaches: Portugal excels in rapid legislative adaptation and high renewable integration (over 80% in 2024), while Spain shows greater dynamism in compensation mechanisms and regional decentralization. The research identifies barriers such as administrative complexity and geographic restrictions, alongside opportunities like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology and energy justice initiatives.