Review Multi-Rotor Wind Turbines and Their Impact on Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The global transition toward low-carbon energy systems has intensified interest in advanced wind energy technologies capable of improving efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, and lowering the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Among emerging concepts, multi-rotor wind turbines (MRWTs) have gained attention as a promising alternative to conventional single-rotor wind turbines (SRWTs). MRWT systems employ several smaller rotors mounted on a common support structure instead of one large rotor. This review paper examines the technological evolution, engineering principles, environmental implications, economic viability, and social sustainability dimensions of MRWTs. The article synthesizes recent academic literature on aerodynamic performance, material efficiency, wake interactions, lifecycle impacts, maintenance requirements, and integration into future renewable energy systems. Particular emphasis is placed on sustainability assessment across environmental, social, and economic pillars. The review demonstrates that MRWTs offer substantial potential advantages, including reduced blade manufacturing constraints, lower transportation costs, improved scalability, enhanced recyclability, and potential reductions in material usage. However, challenges remain in rotor interaction control, aeroelastic stability, acoustic emissions, structural reliability, and commercial deployment readiness. The paper concludes by identifying critical research gaps and proposing strategic pathways for advancing MRWT technology within sustainable energy transitions.